明十三陵导游词400字(共5篇)

明十三陵导游词400字 第1篇

定陵位于昭陵东北大峪山下,建筑规模取法其祖父明世宗的永陵,规模稍次,是十三陵中第三大陵。其中埋葬着明代第十三代帝王万历帝朱翊钧和孝瑞,孝敬两位皇后。陵主万历帝朱翊钧,庙号神宗,谥号显**。1572年至l620年在位,lO岁**,在位48年,享年58岁。以万历十七年为界,神宗朱翊钧的一生可分为两个阶段。前一段在内有皇太后李氏和大**冯保管束,在外有首辅大臣张居正的主导,国家的各方面都有很大的发展。但自从这几位对朱翊钧有约束力的人先后去世,*就几乎停摆。也是在这个时候,农民**风起云涌,明朝从此开始走向**的道路。从万历二十年至二十七年(1592—1599),在万历帝朱翊钧的决断下,靡费数百万”,损失了众多兵将,把企图吞并朝鲜的,由丰臣秀吉率领的侵朝日军赶出了朝鲜,从而巩固了中朝的关系。

孝端皇后王氏,浙江余姚人,永年伯王位的女儿。万历6年入宫,正坤宁宫42年,一生恬淡清和。万历48年(1620年)4月6日去世。谥号孝端皇后。孝靖皇后王氏,河北宣府人,父亲锦衣卫百户。万历年6年入宫,侍奉慈圣皇太后。被万历**私幸生下皇子朱常洛。万历39年病势,以贵妃礼葬在东井*冈底,光宗(朱常洛)继位追谥母亲为皇太后,礼仪未行,光宗去世。**(朱由校)继位追谥奶奶为孝靖**太后,迁葬定陵地宫。

万历十一年(公元1583年),年仅2l岁的万历**,借祭陵之际,开始选择自己的陵址。定陵始建于万历十二年(公元590年)。耗银800万两。如今定陵地面建筑大部分被毁,宝城,明楼,宝顶保存尚好。定陵前的神宫圣德碑照例没有字,所以被称为无字碑”。碑顶雕有云龙交盘,碑下端雕有海水纹图案,碑座是一个昂首远眺石璧玺,传说是龙的九子之一。十三陵中,除长陵外,陵碑都没有碑文,历史学家认为,十三陵的无子碑存在与明嘉靖帝有很大的关系。明初皇陵碑记都由嗣**撰写。南京孝陵的陵碑,其碑文由成祖朱棣亲撰。**长陵的陵碑其碑文由仁宗朱高炽亲撰。十三陵陵区中,献,景,裕,茂,泰,康六陵门前,原本没有碑亭的设置,也就不存在嗣**撰文的事。到嘉靖十五年(公元1536年)六陵碑亭及石碑相继建成,理应由嘉靖帝撰文刻碑。但嘉靖帝迷恋酒色,又为寻求成仙”而忙于炼丹,全然无暇顾及。因此六碑空空如也。永陵以后的各陵,因祖宗陵前碑上无字,嗣**们也就乐得不写了。加上明中叶后,**多无成就,如不粉饰,则不能立碑;如加以粉饰,又有违祖训,因此也就索性无字”了。

定陵的凌恩门和凌恩殿在清兵入关时遭到严重破坏。目前定陵内可见到的那两座高石台基,分别是凌恩门和凌恩殿的遗址。

凌恩殿也叫享殿,它是**和随从举行祀礼大典的地方。凌恩门位于凌恩殿前。LING恩殿前原建筑面阔七间,清兵入关后曾遭破坏。到乾隆年问,乾隆帝为笼络人心,进行了恢复性修整。就地取材将其缩为面阔五间的殿宇。后又遭破坏,因此今天就只有遗址了。

明楼前左右两侧,各有一座展览室。南侧为第一陈列室,主要陈列万历**的随葬品,北侧为第二陈列室,主要陈列两位皇后的随葬品。

明楼为石结构建筑,彩漆修饰,故它和宝城始终未遭严重破坏,以至成为定陵地面上保存最好的建筑。在明楼的黄色琉璃瓦上,镶有一块高大的石榜,刻有陵号定陵”二字。明楼内的碑额上篆有大明”二字,明楼与宝城相连,宝城是一道用城砖垒起的圆形大墙,中间有一人工堆成的土丘,即皇陵的坟头,称为宝顶。宝顶下就是地宫了。

定陵是十三陵中唯一挖掘了地宫的陵墓。

1955年10月,吴晗,郭沫若,范文谰,邓拓,矛盾等人***建议开挖明陵,经**批准后成立了长陵发掘委员会,赵其昌,白万玉分别任正副队长。1956年5月l9日,正式开挖定陵。首先在宝城城墙内侧,正对墙外露出券门的位置开挖第一条深沟。挖掘中发现了定陵的隧道门”,其内藏有一块石碣,上刻宝城券门内石碣一座,城土衬往里一丈就是隧道棕绳,绳长三十四丈二尺,是金刚前皮”。由于种种原因,隧道门”没有从外面打开,因此这块石碣也就是没有被及时发现,而是在打开地宫后,整理隧道门”时才被发现,致使错过了打开定陵的极好时机。1956年7月6日,为减少挖掘的土方量和尽可能的少砍伐宝顶上的松柏古树,按隧道指示的方向,定陵挖掘委员会的队员们直接在明楼后,正对宝顶的方向,开挖第二条探沟,然而却一无所获。挖掘工作受阻。随着探沟的拓宽,9月2日,民工栾世海发现了一块小石碑,上面刻有此石至金刚墙前皮十六丈,深三丈五尺”字样。吓鼐认为这是打开定陵地宫的钥匙,故成为挖掘定陵以来出土的第一件珍贵文物。之后不久,考古队员们按小石碑指示的方向,在第二条探槽西侧,与其垂直,隔开两米处,对准宝顶的地下中心方位,开挖第三条探槽。终于l957年5月19曰,找到了金刚墙的封口,并于当年9月19日,拆开了金刚墙上封砌成圭”字型的城砖。l957年10月5日上午,赵其昌等人用铁丝和木板将顶门的自来石”移开,就这样打开了这座沉睡了337年的地宫大门。经发掘证明,定陵地宫没有暗箭伤人的机关,没有活人殉葬,也没有被盗。

明十三陵导游词400字 第2篇

现在大家已经来到了北京的远郊昌平区,那即将进入的就是十三陵景区。利用这段时间,我来给大家讲解一下十三陵的历史背景和说明。

明朝永乐皇帝朱棣在1420xx年派了一些风水术士到北京选择“吉壤”,其实就是吉祥的土地,准备修建陵寝。当时这些人找了很多地方,但是都不成功,开始他们选在了口外的屠家营,可是皇帝姓朱,与猪同音,犯了地讳。然后又选在了昌平西南的羊山脚下,可是后面有个村子叫“狼口峪”,这样岂不是更危险!后来选过京西的“燕家台”,有与“宴驾”同音,太不吉利了。最后直到明永乐七年,才选定了现在的这片天寿山陵区,在周围有蟒山,虎峪,龙山和天寿山。这里正符合了阴阳五行中四方之神的所在位置,就是东青龙,西白虎,南朱雀,北玄武,还有温榆河经过这里,真可以说是风水宝地。从此可见当时皇帝要为自己修建一个陵寝要耗费多少精力啊。随后,就开始修建了长陵,经过四年终于竣工了。那明朝历代的皇帝,也陆续在这里修建了陵寝。而且从1409修建长陵一直到1644年明王朝灭亡,这200多年间,明十三陵的营建工程从来没有间断过。在这方圆40平方公里的范围,埋葬了明代十三位皇帝,二十三位皇后,还有许多的妃子,太子等等。可是这里也没能够完整的保留下来,在清兵入关以后,为了报复金人将清太祖的祖坟毁掉,所以就将这里烧了。后来在乾隆五十年的时候,为了笼络汉人,就下令修缮陵区。在新中国成立以后,对这里进行了大规模的开发,并且开放了的长陵、定陵和昭陵,其中定陵的地宫已经被发掘了。现在这里已经成为了全国重点风景名胜区,是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。现在大家可能在想:明朝不是有十六个皇帝么?怎么在这里只有十三个皇帝的陵寝?其实原因很简单,明太祖朱元璋因为建都南京,所以他的陵墓当然就在南京啦,也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二个皇帝建文帝,因为被朱棣夺取了皇位,尸骨下落不明,所以这里就没有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的时候,他曾经被宦官王振怂恿,率军亲征,后来在河北怀来的土木堡被瓦刺军俘虏,这个事件称为“土木之变”,一国不能无君,所以他的兄弟就被册封为景泰帝,而后又上演了英宗重新夺取皇位的“夺门之变”,所以在十三陵中没有景泰帝的陵墓,他以亲王的礼节被安葬在西郊的金山口。这样一来,大家一定都明白了为什么这里叫做十三陵了。

现在大家沿途看到的这一个石牌坊,就是陵区的标志,是嘉靖年间制造的。这个牌坊是5间6柱11楼,高有14米,宽达到了米,是现在国内保存下来最大、最精美的石牌坊,上边的图案装饰也都是云龙图案,反映了皇家建筑的特点。

大宫门就是陵墓区的正门儿,也叫大红门。门是南向的,分三洞,在这个门里边就是陵墓区。在门两侧都有刻着“官员人等至此下马”的下马碑,因为当时规定这些人进入陵区都是要步行,否则可是要治罪的。而且这里也是禁区,不是一般老百姓可以随便进入的地方,严重的是要被斩首的。而进了这个门儿,也就走进了贯穿陵园南北,能够直接通到长陵陵门的神道,明朝的神道,也是我国历代修建的帝王陵中神道最长的,其实他的主要作用就是让皇帝灵魂通过的地方,全长有7公里。

我们一边走着,就可以看到前边有一个碑亭。这个碑亭是重檐歇山顶的建筑,里边有赑屃驮着巨碑,这个就是长陵的神功颂德碑,正式建立于1435年,正面就是永乐皇帝的长子朱高炽写的颂德碑文,有3000多字,而背面则是在乾隆五十年撰写的《哀明陵三十韵》,里边详细记录了陵墓的破损情况。碑身的东面是清政府修缮陵墓的花费,西侧则是在嘉庆九年论述明王朝灭亡的原因。

过了碑亭,我们继续沿着神道行走,会发现在神路两侧,都有很多石雕。其实这里一共有36座石雕,叫做石像生。紧挨着碑亭后边的是两根石望柱,接下来就是狮子、獬豸、骆驼、大象、麒麟、马,各有四匹,按照先卧后立的顺序排列。然后是武臣、文臣和勋臣各有四人。修建这些,都是为了体现帝王生前的仪仗和死后的尊严。所以体积都非常大,雕刻的都非常精细。而且这些也都象征着皇帝在生前可以得到尊崇,到了死后也是同样得到尊崇。,各方神圣和文武百官还是要为我独尊。

再往前走,就可以看到一座棂星门,也叫龙凤门,取天门之意。在这个三门六柱的门中央位置上,有三个火焰宝珠,所以这里也被叫做火焰牌坊。

我们其实一直都是沿着神道来前进的,来回顾一下,先是石牌坊,然后到了大宫门,现在我们就要已经进入了长陵了。碑亭,石象生,过了龙凤门,还有一段路程就可以到达长陵的陵门了。而我们所说的整个陵墓群的中轴线其实也就是这条贯穿陵园南北,全长共7公里的神道。

说到长陵,它是明十三陵中的第一座陵,始建于1420xx年,在1420xx年全部建成,是明成祖永乐皇帝朱棣和徐皇后的合葬墓。朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四个儿子,当朱元璋死后,朱棣就以靖难为名,从北平发兵攻下南京,并且从当时的皇帝朱允文手中夺得了皇位,改年号为永乐,这件事历史上称之为靖难之役。朱棣是一位很了不起的皇帝,当了皇帝以后仍然为了巩固明朝的统治而连年征战,并且在1420xx年做出了迁都北京的重大决定。在他所统治的明朝年间,国库充实,政局稳定,而且还命人写作了《永乐大典》这部我国历史上最大的类书,派郑和七下西洋,发展了各国之间友好关系。而他的贤内助徐皇后,也就是明朝开国元勋徐达的女儿也是一位有中国古典美的女性,她曾经编写了《内训》和《劝善》用以化育人心,在用了五年的时候病逝了。值得一提的是葬入长陵的第一个人并不是朱棣,而是徐皇后。长陵共占地10公顷,中轴线由陵恩门,陵恩殿,明楼,宝城和宝顶共同组成。陵墓共有三进院,第一进院是从陵门道陵恩门,可以看到左右两侧各有一个小碑亭,但当时上面都没有文字,现在的文字是清顺治皇帝写上的。陵恩殿坐落在陵墓的第二进院落中,在1412,明永乐十四年建成,是供奉牌位和举行祭祀活动的地方。它面阔九间,进深五间,是重檐庑殿顶的建筑,殿内有60根楠木柱,中间的四根直径都达到了一米以上,是国内最好的楠木殿。原来陵恩殿中陈列有大佛龛,现在已经没有了,取而代之的是后人制作的永乐皇帝坐像,大家可以绕道坐像的后边来看一下,可以看到椅背上刻有一条龙,而龙头则正对着万历皇帝的头部,这象征着皇帝是真龙天子。而四周则是出土文物的展览。

咱们从殿后的门一出来,就到达了第三进院落,每座陵墓的标志——明楼就在这里。大家可以看到这里也有一个碑亭,石碑上刻有成祖文皇帝之陵,因为皇帝姓朱,所以碑身也都是用的朱砂红色。

由于长陵的地宫没有发掘,所以我们在长陵的游览就先告一段落。不过大家不用着急,接下来我们将要去的定陵,就可以让大家参观到古代皇帝的地下宫殿了。

定陵是明朝第13位皇帝神宗万历朱翊钧和孝端、孝靖两位皇后的合葬墓。朱翊钧是明朝在位最久的皇帝,他的为人和永乐皇帝朱棣可以说成为了鲜明的对比。他非常贪婪懒惰,在他九岁即位的时候,由于有大臣张居正的辅佐,国家发展的还算比较稳定,可是后来张居正病逝,他便利用这个机会为自己选择了陵地,花费了800万两白银,用了六年时间,建了工程质量最好的定陵,而他居然因为陵寝修建的非常满意,而在地宫当中举行了盛大的宴会,真实一位让人苦笑不得的皇帝。而他不仅如此,在他在位的48年当中,竟然有20xx年不理朝政,导致国家处于瘫痪状态。后人评论,其实明朝灭亡的命运,在万历皇帝朱翊钧时就已经成为定局了。他有两位皇后,其实在开始的时候孝靖皇后身份低下,可是与他有了一个男孩,就是后来的“一月天子”朱常洛,母以子贵,她就被封为贵妃。但是她比朱翊钧早死了九年,并没有葬在定陵里,直到后来追封她为太皇太后的时候,才与万历皇帝朱翊钧,孝端皇后共同葬入陵寝。朱翊钧的另一个皇后孝端与他没有孩子,在她去世后不到百日,朱翊钧也去世了,所以他们是同日葬入定陵的。

一进入定陵陵区,我们首先看到的是一个碑亭,里边就是神功圣德碑,也称为无字碑。碑顶有云龙交盘,下端雕有海水纹的图案,碑座也是龙九子之一赑屃。在十三陵中,除了长陵以外,其他的陵碑都没有字。这是因为原来在献景裕茂泰康六个陵门前没有碑亭,当然也就没有碑文一说,可是后来这六个碑亭相继建成,碑文理应有当时的嘉靖皇帝撰写,可是他忙于炼丹成仙,根本没工夫理会,所以导致六个碑空空如也。在永陵之后的陵墓,因为祖宗的墓碑上都没有写字,所以怕冒犯祖先,也都没有撰写碑文,这样就形成了今天我们所看到的景象。定陵的这个碑背面有一个满月型的痕迹,所以俗称月亮碑,传说它还有灵性,能随月亮阴晴圆缺而发光,可是后来陵园着火,就失去了灵性。

过了碑亭,我们所看到的两座高石台基就是定陵陵恩门和陵恩殿的遗址。这里原来也叫享殿,它是举行祭祀典礼的地方,当时面阔七间,清兵入关的时候曾经遭到破坏,到了乾隆年间,对这里进行了修复,但是后来又遭到了破坏。

在往前走,我们可以看到一个陈列室,这里陈列展出的都是定陵的出土文物,是在地宫挖掘之后兴建的。展室分为南北两个部分,南侧主要陈列地宫出土的万历皇帝的随葬品,北侧则是两位太后的随葬品,都非常精美,各位尽可以一饱眼福。

现在来到了明楼,它也是定陵陵墓的标志。明楼为石结构建筑,是定陵地面保存最完好的建筑,始终没有遭到破坏。在明楼黄色琉璃瓦顶上,镶有一块高大的石榜,刻有定陵二字,在明楼内的碑额上篆有大名二字,而碑身上则刻有神宗显皇帝之陵七个大字。它与宝城相连。宝城是一道用城砖垒起的圆形大墙,墙上有垛口,城墙高米,上厚下薄,周长800米,在它围绕的中间有一个人工堆成的大土丘,其实就是皇陵的坟头,叫做宝顶。

咱们现在正从左侧的通道走入地宫。定陵地宫的挖掘工作是从1956年5月开始的,在1958年结束。最开始,工作人员是发现了宝城西南侧墙上露出了一处券门,于是就正对着券门开了第一条探沟,到了底部发现了用城砖砌成的隧道。在三个月以后,沿着隧道的方向在明楼西面开了第二条探沟,在这条探沟的挖掘过程中,碰到了刻有“此时至今刚墙前皮十六丈、深三丈五尺”的石碑,从而得到了关于打开地宫的正确方向。工作人员沿着这个方向,又开了第三条探沟,最终找到了石隧道,并且发现了金刚墙,打开金刚墙,里边有一个方形的石券室,在西侧正中有两扇汉白玉的石门,从里边顶着“自来石”,而工作人员只用了铁丝和木板,不到五分钟,就将沉睡了337年的定陵地宫打开了。

地宫深度是27米,总面积达到了1195平方米,整个建筑的用料都是砖石,可以说是地下的无梁殿,礼制上是仿明堂的“九重法宫制”,分为前中后左右五个殿堂由七扇汉白玉门连接,最大的一扇高米,宽米,重达4吨,看上去很笨重,其实设计非常的合理。石门的重心偏向门轴,所以开关自如;门扇上横着设有防止倒塌的青铜扇管,重量大约是10吨;在门正面雕刻有乳状门钉和衔环铺首,背面与之相对应的地方有一个凸起的部分,关门以后,自来石就承托在这里。

在地宫前殿和左右两个配殿中没有任何的陈设。而现在到达的中殿高米,宽6米,地面是金砖铺地,据记载,这种砖会越擦越亮的。殿中陈设有汉白玉石宝座,它的样式和皇帝生前宝座是一样的,在前边也就是孝靖和孝端皇后的宝座雕有凤头,而万历皇帝的宝座靠背和扶手都雕有龙头。原来宝座的陈列是呈品字形的,后来为了方便游人参观,才改变了陈设。在三个宝座之前,设有祭祀用具黄琉璃五供,包括一个香炉,两个烛台,和两个香瓶,和嘉靖年间的青花云龙大瓷缸,这个缸中原来是盛有香油,里边放有灯芯的,叫做长明灯,但是由于关门后地宫缺氧,所以这盏灯并没有长明。

在中殿后面的就是后殿,它是地宫中最大的一个殿,高大米,长31米,宽米,地面上铺设的是磨光的花斑石。在后殿中设有白石镶边的棺床一座,中央有一个长型方孔,中间填的是黄土,也就是选择墓穴时的第一铲黄土,叫做金井,它是整座陵寝建筑格局的基本点。在棺椁四周和棺椁内放有玉石,或者在死者口中含有玉石,称为玉葬。之所以这样,是因为古人认为金井可以沟通阴阳,交流生气,而玉葬能够保持尸体不腐烂。金井玉葬在明清两代是最高等级的葬礼。当然这些都是古人的理想而已,没有什么科学根据。在棺床的上安放有万历皇帝和两位皇后的棺椁,还有装随葬品的26个木箱。

按照皇帝陵寝的规置,后殿只是安放皇帝棺椁用的,那为什么两个皇后的棺椁也出现在这里呢?这个现象在史料中是没有明确记载的,可是根据专家推测:在万历四十八年的时候,先是孝端皇后病逝,接着七月就是万历皇帝去世,而他的儿子朱常洛也在即位29天死于红丸案,在这短短百日之内,死了两位皇帝,一位皇后,还有孝靖皇后还要迁葬,这么巨大的任务都压在了刚刚即位的皇帝朱由校身上,所以准备工作十分的仓促。而且当时正好是雨季,安放皇后的配殿不方便打开,于是皇帝皇后的棺椁就都从正门进去了。可是到了地宫发现配殿的甬道太窄了,皇后的棺椁进不去,所以只好将它们一并放入了后殿当中。现在大家可以明白地宫中棺椁的摆设呈这样是怎样一回事儿了吧。那好,现在就请大家跟随我走出地宫。

随着参观定陵的活动结束,我们今天的明十三陵之行也将近尾声了,相信大家一定都为这座巨大的帝王陵墓群而感叹,随着我国文物保护工作的不断开展,国家投入了大量的资金修缮明十三陵,这座规模宏大的帝王陵寝也将被永久的保存下去。同时,我也希望各位游客能对这里留下美好的印象,欢迎各位下次再来参观。

明十三陵导游词400字 第3篇

外滩原是在上海城厢(城隍庙)外的一处沿江滩地,旧时称“黄浦滩”早在1843年上海开埠以后,英国第一任驻沪领事巴富尔看中了外滩一带地方,于是划定外滩

在内的800亩地为英租界,到了20世纪二三十年代临江建造起巍峨参差的世界各国古典风格的建筑群,并开设了110多家金融机构,这里成了“远东的华尔街”,到了九十年代,***开放的大潮来到了上海,市*开始对外滩进行大规模的改造,形成了今天我们看到的像一首美妙的五线谱一样的外滩景区,它是由“凝固的音乐”万国建筑博览和“流淌的乐曲”***所组成。我们各位朋友观赏这些**古典风情的建筑群,不仅要注意它的外部的造型美。而且要把它们视为雕塑艺术来欣赏。

在这“凝固的音乐”乐曲上,26栋建筑,楼宇的高低错落犹如钢琴上跳动着的琴键,乐曲上有序曲、三个**、尾声等乐章组成。

它的序曲部分由外滩防汛墙前的气象信号台所承担,这座气象信号台,是“阿脱奴婆”式的古建筑,它的主要功能有两个:第一个我们各位可以看一下在它的塔顶桅杆上悬挂各形状的标志,这是起到天气预报的作用,它根据徐家汇气象台测得的气象信息,第天五次在在桅杆上挂不同颜色的棋子,向来往的船只告示吴淞口外的风力和海浪等气象信息以保证航行的安全。第二个作用我们可以再观察一下桅杆上有一只可以上下升降的大球,第天中午11点45分,球升到桅杆一半的高度,11点55分,又将球升到顶端,12点正时,球又降到原来位置。这个目的我不说咱们在座的各位也知道是干什么的了吧?对了!他就是报时台。但是随着现代化信息传播科学的发展,各式各样的钟表数不胜数,它只能“退休”了。在1993年的10月份,在外滩综合改造二期工程中,为了保护这座具有八十多年历史的古建筑,由是将它在原来的位置向东北整体的*移了20米,并且对它进行装修,使之面貌一新。夜晚,用青白色的灯光照着,如一个巨大的通体晶莹剔透的“玉柱”,清丽动人。

在凝固的音乐上的**分为三部分:第一部分由亚细亚大楼、上海总会、*通商银行大楼三幢大楼组成。由于时间的关系这里着重给各位介绍一下上海总会,他位于中山东一路二号,建成于1910年,耗资45万两白银。原是来是供英国侨民休闲娱乐活动的场所。大楼是文艺复兴式的风格。在建筑的东立面采用的是横三段处理,又以正门为纵轴线,左右门窗装饰图案对称,整幢大楼显得**匀称而且稳重。另外我们再看大楼的第三层与第四层是用六根爱奥尼克式立柱支撑,这种柱式,柱身修长,高度约为底径9至10倍,柱身有条带状,柱头上有卷起的旋涡状,是“女性美”的象征。在大楼层顶南北两端有巴洛克式塔亭,增强了整幢建筑的高度和豪华气派。从远处望来他就像一件雕塑家手中的完美的艺术品。另外大楼内部的装修也十分曲雅、豪华。这里有一长34米的用意大利的大理石铺面的酒巴台,号称远东最长的酒吧。大堂的北侧还有一个半圆形的铁栅栏电梯,这部也是当时上海最早的一部电梯,现在好多的反映老上海的电视剧都是在这里拍摄的。大楼内的装饰仿英国皇宫格调,因此它有“皇家总会”之称。

紧挨着上海总汇的这个就是*通商银行大楼,它位于外滩六号。是一幢哥特式的建筑,正门有古典式的柱廊。这就是凝固音乐的第一**部分。

凝固音乐的第二**,是由汇丰银行大楼和海关大楼所组成。是万国建筑博览群的最有**性的建筑。

汇丰银行大楼位于中山东一路11号,1923建成,1955年至1995年这四十年间它曾是上海人民*所在地,再在是浦东发展银行使用。这座大楼英国人自称是从苏伊士运河到白令海峡的最讲究的一幢建筑,它是外滩占地最广,门面最宽,体形最大的建筑,整幢建筑呈现十七、十八世纪欧洲出现的古典**风格,是古罗马式的建筑。大楼底层是三个罗马石拱券大门,大楼第二层至第四层,用六根希腊式科林斯柱子。这种柱式出现在希腊时代商业繁荣的科林斯城,其柱顶上有一束树叶和花蔓组成,似花篮形状,雕刻华美,是“富豪”的象征,在他的顶端还有巴洛克式尖塔,最值得我们注意的是它还有着三件稀世之宝:第一件是大门两侧有一对铜狮,坐北朝南一只张着大口,坐南朝北的一只闭着嘴,这正好有银行资金的吐纳之意。据说在英国铸成之后就将其模型毁掉,使他成为世界上的绝版;第二件是室内顶上有一幅世界上极为鲜见的巨型马赛克壁画,画面有200*方米。第三件是大楼大堂内有28根高13米的意大利大理石石柱,全是天然形成。***四要是没有拼接的,是纯天然巨石雕成的,据说世上只有六根,这里拥有四根,可见它的价值,(另外两根在法国卢浮宫)。使整幢大楼皇宫,它统领着附近的二十多幢建筑,显出了华丽庄严的风范。使得它在整个外滩建筑群中最为引人注目。

海关大楼建成于1927年,花去430万两白银。大楼是具有折中**建筑风格。大楼顶部的大钟,是仿英国,伦敦国会大厦大钟式样制造,花白银2000余两。它是亚洲第一大钟,又是世界上著名的大钟。大钟直径5。4米,分针长3。17米,时针长2。3米。钟内有三个最达两吨的钟摆,这个大钟每周开三次,每次上发条要四个人操作一小时。另外每天在一刻钟的时候会奏响一段《东方红》乐曲,到整点奏响一整曲《东方红》。

这两座大楼被称为姐妹楼是上海的标志性建筑,汇丰银行大楼雍容曲雅,海关大楼雄健挺拔。两幢大楼并列一起相得益彰。共同承担了凝固音乐的第二**。

凝固音乐的第三**由汇中饭店、沙逊大厦、*银行大楼三幢建筑组成。这一乐章以现代**为主题。

汇中饭店位于中山东路南京路口,它的正六在南京东路23号。1906年建造,它外形美观,白色清水砖作墙面;红砖作腰线。有“外滩美女”之称。这里曾是三次重要会议所在地。第一,1909年“上海万国禁烟大会”;第二是1996年“上海国际*”会议;第三是1911年*17省**召开欢迎_先生回国就任临时大总统会议。

沙逊大厦与*银行大楼沙逊大厦因当时内部装修豪华被称为是“远东第一楼”。现在是和*饭店的北楼。外形象大写英文字母A。*银行大楼是万国建筑博览中唯一一个*人自己建造的大厦,他比沙逊大厦低60厘米,这还有一个故事。当被*资本家觉得在外滩全是**列强建造的形式各异的高楼,而且反映了各国列强的雄厚的经济实力,为了不让我们*人丢脸面,于是*官僚资本**也决定造一个大楼,而且要造比其他国家的都要高,于是原计划要造34层,但是后来受沙逊大厦的业主也就是沙逊的阴挠,他说“你们们*人是一点地位没有的,造的楼怎么可以比我们英国人的还要高呢?”于是打官司打到英国伦敦,结果大家是可想而知的,*人败诉了,后来只能造成15层,比沙逊大厦低了60厘米。但是*人还是不服气“上有**下有对策”,你楼房不让我超过你,我在楼底上竖了两杆**,这两个棋杆比你们沙逊大厦高,这回你们应该没话讲了吧?所以我们现在看到的这两个棋杆就是鉴证。*银行大厦外形有中为民族特色,楼底国角微翘,檐口用斗拱装饰。窗框是*钱币的变形的形状。

凝固音乐的尾声是由东方汇理银行和上海大厦担当。

东方汇理银行为巴洛克式建筑,整幢大楼富有凹凸感,对比强烈。现在是上海市建筑保护单位。

百老汇大厦具有现代**风格是观赏***、外滩、浦东景色的最佳处,*曾经陪同不少外国元首和贵宾登临观光。20世纪90年代,连续获得涉外宾馆“十佳安全优胜单位”称号。

好了,各位朋友,整个被称为凝固的音乐外滩的讲解到此就结束了。希望能给各位留下美好的回忆。

明十三陵导游词400字 第4篇

THE MING TOMBS

The Ming Tombs are 40 kilometers north of Beijing City on the southern slopes of Tianshou Mountain. They are the burial grounds of 13 Ming Dynasty emperors. In July 20xx the site was designated a world cultural heritage site by UNESCO.

Empress Xu died in the 5th year of Yongle (1407). Zhu Di sent

Zhao Hong, secretary of the Ministry of Rites and a geomancer----Liao Junqing along with many others to Beijing in search of an auspicious place for the tombs. It is said that this group of people first selected the area of Tu Jia Ying, which means slaughter-house, and as such, it couldn't be used as the burial ground. Next they selected the foot of Yangshan Mountain, Changping. However, since the surname of the emperor (Zhu) is a homophone for pig and because a village named 'wolf mouth ravine' was located there, they decided against using that area. Later, they found Yan-jiatai west of Beijing. Again, since 'Yanjia' was the homonym of the death of the emperor, it was also deemed unsuitable. It was not until the 7th year of Yongle (1409), that they finally chose the present Heavenly Longevity Mountain as their cemetery grounds.

The whole area covers 40 square kilometers. It has mountains to its east, west and north, and Dragon Mountain and Tiger Mountain are on either side of its southern entrance. The 13 tombs go from north to south. They are arranged in the manner of the Imperial Palace, with the administration area in the front and living quarters in the rear. In front of the tombs are divine passes, stone archways and steel towers. The Precious City and Ming Tower stand over the Underground Palace.

There were 16 emperors during the Ming Dynasty. Buried in the Ming tombs, are 13 Ming emperors and 23 empresses, as well as many concubines, princes, princesses and maids. The other 3 emperors, Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Yunwen and Zhu Qiyu are buried in other locations.

The founder of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, established his capital in present day Nanjing where he was buried after his death. His tomb is called Xiaoling (Tomb of Filial Piety).

The body of the second emperor of the Ming, Zhu Yunwen, is missing. Some said that he died in a fire, while others said that he went to a temple and became a monk. There is no final conclusion yet.

The seventh Ming Emperor Zhu Qiyu, was buried as a prince by his elder brother Zhu Qizhen at Jinshankou, a western suburb of Beijing, because in the Tumubao Upheaval, Emperor Zhu Qizhen became a captive and the younger brother of Zhu Qizhen. Zhu Qiyu was chosen as the new emperor, but later Zhu Qizhen was back and proclaimed his re-enthronement in the Seizing Gate Upheaval.

The Memorial Arch was built in the 19th year of Jiajing (1540) as a symbol of the Ming Tombs. It is 14 meters high and 28. 86 meters wide, and has 5 arches supported by 6 pillars with beautiful bas-relief carvings of lions, dragons and lotus flowers. The Memorial Arch is the biggest and the most exquisite stone arch preserved in the country today. The major designs of dragon and cloud decorations reflect the character of imperial architecture. In addition, it also demonstrates the skillful artistry of the Ming craftsmen.

The Big Palace Gate is the front gate of the Ming Tombs, and is more commonly known as Big Red Gate. Facing south, there are three arch entrances to the gate, the main inlet to the Ming Tombs. Flanking the gate are two stone tablets, inscribed with orders for the emperor, officials and other people to dismount, before entering into the tomb area. If they did not obey, they would be punished for their disrespect. The rules governing the Ming Tombs in the Ming Dynasty, stipulate that one who sneaks into the tomb area to pick firewood and break twigs would be flogged. Those who came to fetch dirt and stone would be beheaded. Those who entered arbitrarily into the tomb area would be flogged a hundred times.

The Tablet House was built in the 10th year of Xuande (1435), and stands about 10 meters high with two tiers of eaves. A huge tablet stands in the middle of the Tablet House. The front side bears an inscription by Emperor Renzong for Chengzu. The reverse side is a poem by Qing Emperor Qianlong recording in detail the conditions of the broken Changling, Yongling, Dingling and Xiling. On the east side is the record of expenditures for repairing the Ming Tombs by the Qing government. On the west side is an epitaph by Qing Emperor Jiaqing. It was written in the 9th year of Jiaqing (1804) describing the cause of the fall of the Ming Dynasty.

On the north side of the Tablet House, stands a group of stone carvings (36 in all). Behind the house, there are two stone pillars. Beyond the pillars are stone animals and other statues. Lions, Xie Zhi, camels, elephants, and Qi Lin horses .All of the animals are in two pairs. Two stand, while the other two kneel. It is followed by the statues of military officers, civil officials and officials of merit, four in each group. These stone animals and statues were made in the 10th year of Xuande (1435). They reflect the imperial power when he was alive and the imperial dignity after he was deceased. The animals and statues were created using whole blocks of stone weighing a couple of tons and each was delicately and masterfully carved.

Here stands Ling Xing Gate, also known as the unique Dragon and Phoenix Gate, with the meaning of the Gate of Heaven. The gate is pierced with six door leaves, attached to three archways. The top of the central section of the three archways is decorated with flames and precious pearl, so it is also known as the Flame Archway. To the north of the Dragon and Phoenix Gate there lays a seven-arch marble bridge, leading to the gate of Changling. To the east of the seven-arch bridge stands an old five-arch bridge, which was the original site of the seven-arch bridge.

Actually we are standing on the axle line of the Ming Tombs, otherwise known as the Sacred Way or the Tomb path. We passed the Memorial Arch, the Big Palace Gate, the Tablet House, Sacred Way, stone animals and statues, and Ling Xing Gate. This seven-kilometer long sacred pathway leads from south to north, all the way to the Gate of Changling.

Now, we are moving to Chang Ling. Changling is the first tomb built in the Ming Tombs area, covering 10 hectares and containing Emperor Zhu Di and his empress Xu.

Zhu Di (Chengzu) of the Ming Dynasty was the fourth son of the first Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, born in 1360. Zhu Di was conferred the title of the prince of Yan in the 3rd year of Hongwu (1370). He was appointed at Beiping. After the death of Zhu Yuanzhang (the first Ming Emperor), Zhu Di used the pretext of eliminating evil officials at the side of Emperor Jianwen to lead an army expedition down south to Nanjing. He seized the throne in the 4th year of Jianwen (1402) and ascended the throne in June inside the Hall of Ancestral Worship in Nanjing. Zhu Di was an emperor of outstanding accomplishment in the Ming Dynasty. As soon as he became the prince of Yan, he led the generals out to battle. He had great achievements in calming down the north. After he took over his nephew's power and became the emperor, he still went out to battle throughout the country and consolidated the rule of the Ming Dynasty. He made the important decision to move the capital to Beijing. During the rule of Zhu Di, magnificent developments were made in the economy, culture and in diplomacy. In terms of culture, Zhu Di successively sent Grand Academician Xie Jin, Yan Guangxiao and others to compile the Yongle encyclopedia. The book has become the largest book ever complied in Chinese history. For expanding external exchanges and trade, Zhu Di selected eunuch Zheng He to lead a large fleet filled with precious gold, silver, silk and satins to sail to southeast Asia and Africa seven times in the early years of Yongle.

Empress Xu was buried together with Emperor Zhu Di in Changling. Empress Xushi was the eldest daughter of Xu Da who was one of the founding fathers of the Ming Dynasty. Throughout her lifespan, Xu Shi complied 20 articles of internal lectures and a book advising to be good, so as to cultivate people's minds. She was the very first one to be buried in Changling and in the Ming Tomb area.

The Hall of Eminent Favor in Changling is the best preserved among the thirteen tombs. It is a valuable relic of ancient China's wooden structures. It is nine rooms wide and five rooms long, a hall size rarely seen in China. The roof is made of top-class double eaves and there are multiple rooms covered with yellow glazed tiles. The hall is supported by 60 thick Nanmu pillars, the middle four in the hall are the thickest, the diameter of each one can reach over one meter. It is known as the best Nanmu (phoebe) hall in the country.

Now we are going to Dinging. Dingling is located at the east foot of Dayu Mountain. Buried here are the 13th Ming Emperor Wanli (Zhu Yijun) and his two empresses Xiaoduan and Xiaojing. Zhu Yijun was the longest on the throne of the Ming Emperors. (He was emperor for 48 years). He was the greediest and laziest emperor in the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yijun ascended the throne at the age of 9. After he came to power, he was supported by the chief minister Zhang Juzheng. At this time, various aspects of society gained development.

Later ,Zhang Juzheng died of illness. Not long after Wanli managed state affairs on his own, he used the chance to select the location for his tomb site when he went to pay homage to the ancestors' tombs. He spent eight million taels of silver (250,000 kilos of silver) and six years to build a high quality tomb Dingling. After the Dingling was completed, Zhu Yijun personally went to inspect it, and felt very satisfied with the result. He went so far as to hold a grand banquet in the Underground Palace, which was unheard of in history.

Zhu Yijun was a typical muddle-headed emperor. Reflecting on his reign, he did not pay attention to state affairs for 28 out of his 48 year rule. The state organ was effectively semi-paralyzed during his reign. Later generations commented that the fall of the Ming dynasty was caused by this emperor.

Zhu Yijun had two empresses. Empress Xiaojing was originally a maid of Wanli's mother Cisheng. Later she gave birth to a son of the emperor. That son was the one-month emperor Guangzong (Zhu Changluo). She died of illness 9 years earlier than Shenzong died. She was buried as a concubine at Pinggangdi, around the east pit, at the Heavenly Longevity Mount. After Xiaojing was conferred the title of “grandmother of the emperor”, her body was moved to the Underground Palace of Dingling, and buried together with Emperor Wanli and Empress Xiaoduan on the same day. Xiaoduan was conferred the title of empress, but she could not give birth to either a son or a daughter to the emperor. Xiaoduan died of illness. A hundred days later, Emperor Wanli (Zhu Yijun) died too. Empress Xiaoduan, Emperor Wanli, and Empress Xiaojing were buried together in the Underground Palace.

The tablet in front of Dingling has no words on it. It is called the wordless tablet. There is a pair of coiling dragons along the top and a pattern of sea waves carved on the bottom. Its base is composed of a tortoise (Bixi). It is said that the dragon has nine sons. In twelve of the Ming Tombs, excluding Changling, all the tablets are wordless. Originally there were no tablet houses in front of the Tombs, but later the tablet houses and steeles of the first six tombs were completed. But the emperor Jiajing at the time indulged in drinking, lust and searching for longevity pills, so he had no time to pay attention on the inscriptions. Consequently the six tablets are wordless. And in keeping with this tradition, that’s why the tablets later on are also blank.

Now we are arriving at The Gate of Eminent Favor and the Hall of Eminent Favor of Dingling, The Hall of Eminent Favor is also called Hall of Enjoyment. It was the place where the emperor and his entourage held grand sacrificial rites. They were mostly destroyed when the Qing soldiers came. And they were destroyed again later, so now only the ruins remain.

Moving on, this is the exhibition rooms that were built after the excavation of the Underground Palace. The exhibition explains in detail the history of the tomb master and introduces the tomb excavation process. The exhibition rooms are divided into two parts, the south and the north. In the south room, on display are the sacrificial objects of Emperor Wanli unearthed from the Underground Palace. In the north room, on display are the sacrificial items of the two empresses. All of then are fancy and invaluable.

Now we arrive at The Soul Tower, this is the symbol of the tomb. It is a stone structure with colorful painted decorations. The Soul Tower and the Precious citadel of Dingling have never been damaged seriously. The Soul Tower is the best preserved architecture above the ground of Dingling. On top of the yellow, glazed tiled roof of the Soul Tower sits a big stone tablet. Two Chinese characters----Dingling, are carved on the tablet. Inside the Soul Tower, on top of another stone tablet, there are two big characters----'the Great Ming' written in seal characters. On the body of the tablet, seven Chinese characters-----'Tomb of Emperor Shenzong Xian' are carved. The Soul Tower is connected with the Precious Citadel. The Precious Citadel is a large round wall built with bricks. The Precious Citadel wall is m high, and lower part is thick while the upper part is thin. The round wall's perimeter is over 800 meters, and inside the wall is a large artificial mound, the emperor's tomb mound, known as Precious Top.

Dingling is the only Ming Tomb to be excavated. Formal excavation work started in May 1956 and ended in 1958. First, the working personnel discovered an exposed gateway at the side wall to the southwest of the Precious Citadel of Dingling. So they dug the first tunnel facing the position of the gateway. At the bottom of the tunnel, they discovered a tunnel made of bricks. Three months later, along the direction of the tunnel, to the west of the Soul Tower, they dug the second tunnel. During the digging, they encountered with a stone tablet which inscribed the words ' from here 48. 8m forward and 10. 7m downward lies the precious wall'. Therefore it gave the correct direction of opening up the Underground Palace.

According to the direction of the stone tablet, after digging the third tunnel, they found a stone tunnel. At last they got to the precious wall. Thus they opened the precious wall with a square stone room. To the west end of the room, lay two marble doors. The working personnel used a wire and wood plank to remove the ' self-acting' stone bar, which was against the back of the door. With this method, they opened the entrance of the Underground Palace.

The palace has no beam which was built according to the principles of geomancy Altogether there are five chambers. The chambers are separated by seven marble doors. The Underground Palace is 27 meters deep, covering an area of 1,195 square meters. There is a same structure stone door in between the front, middle and rear chambers. The door is made of marble. The biggest marble door is 3. 3 meters high, meters wide, 4 tons in weight. It looks heavy, but it is reasonably designed. The pivot of the stone door is inclined to the door axle, so the door is easy to open and close. On top of the door is a lintel (made of bronze) tube weighing about 10 tons to prevent the door from falling. Carved on the front of the marble door are 9 rows of 81 knobs and strange animals with rings in their mouths. Located on the reverse side, opposite the animals, is a protruding section that holds the door's 'self-acting' stone bar.

The front and middle chambers are 7. 2 meters high and 6 meters wide. The floor is covered with gold bricks. According to records, the gold bricks are smooth and durable. The more you polish them, the brighter they become. There are no decorations in the front and two annex chambers. In the middle chamber, there are three marble thrones for Emperor Wanli and his two Empresses, known as the precious thrones. In the front of the thrones, there are five yellow glazed offerings and one blue-and-white porcelain jar of Jiajing Year's style with a cloud-and-dragon design. It is about meters in diameter. Originally there was sesame oil in the jar. On the surface of the oil was a copper tube with a wick inside. It is called the 'everlasting lamp'. Due to the lack of oxygen, the light went out so the oil had not been used all.

The rear chamber is the biggest of the three. It is meters high, 31 meters long, meters wide, the floor is paved with polished stones. In the rear chamber, there is a coffin platform edged with white marble. Placed on the platform are the coffins of Emperor Wanli and his two Empresses as well as 26 vermilion boxes filled with funeral objects.

In the middle of the coffin platform, there is a rectangular hole filled with soil called Gold Well. Putting jade stone around the coffin or inside the coffin or in the mouth of the deceased is called being ' buried with jade. ' Ancient people believed Gold Well was the pit of geomancy. It could prevent the body from decay for a long time. Being 'buried with jade' on a Gold Well was the highest standard of entombment one could receive in the feudal era.

Originally the empress's coffin should have been placed in the rear chamber. Then why were the coffins of the two empresses also in the same chamber as the emperor's? In 1620, first empress Xiaoduan died in April, then in July Emperor Wanli also died. After that, the son of Zhu Changluo died 29 days after his succession. In only a few months, two emperors and one empress had died in succession. In addition they had removed Empress Xiaojing's coffin to Dingling. All the burdens of the funeral burials fell on the just enthroned Emperor Zhu Youjian. The preparation work was done in a hurried fashion (this was clearly recorded in historical documents). The rainy season had already arrived before the funeral could occur and the passage leading to the empress' annex chamber may not have been convenient to open. So the coffins of the emperor, empresses all entered the Underground Palace through the front entrance. After the coffins entered the Underground Palace, since the passage to the annex chambers were narrow, the coffins of the empresses would not fit through it. So they had to put all the three coffins together into the rear chamber.

Now please follow me out of the underground palace. And our tour for today is completed. I hope you have found our time together informative and enjoyable. We now have half an hour for a rest, and then we will get together here at 4:00pm. Thank you.

明十三陵导游词400字 第5篇

现在大家已经来到了**的远郊昌*区,那即将进入的就是十三陵景区。利用这段时间,我来给大家讲解一下十三陵的历史背景和说明。

明朝永乐**朱棣在1407年派了一些风水术士到

**选择“吉壤”,其实就是吉祥的土地,准备修建陵寝。当时这些人找了很多地方,但是都不成功,开始他们选在了口外的屠家营,可是**姓朱,与猪同音,犯了地讳。然后又选在了昌*西南的羊山脚下,可是后面有个村子叫“狼口峪”,这样岂不是更危险!后来选过京西的“燕家台”,有与“宴驾”同音,太不吉利了。最后直到明永乐七年,才选定了现在的这片天寿山陵区,在周围有蟒山,虎峪,龙山和天寿山。这里正符合了阴阳五行中四方之神的所在位置,就是东青龙,西白虎,南朱雀,北玄武,还有温榆河经过这里,真可以说是风水宝地。从此可见当时**要为自己修建一个陵寝要耗费多少精力啊。随后,就开始修建了长陵,经过四年终于竣工了。那明朝历代的**,也陆续在这里修建了陵寝。而且从1409修建长陵一直到1644年明****,这200多年间,明十三陵的营建工程从来没有间断过。在这方圆40*方公里的范围,埋葬了明代十三位**,***位皇后,还有许多的妃子,**等等。可是这里也没能够完整的保留下来,在清兵入关以后,为了报复金人将清太祖的祖坟毁掉,所以就将这里烧了。后来在乾隆五十年的时候,为了笼络*,就下令修缮陵区。在新*成立以后,对这里进行了大规模的开发,并且开放了的长陵、定陵和昭陵,其中定陵的地宫已经被发掘了。现在这里已经成为了全国重点风景名胜区,是世界上保存完整、埋葬**最多的墓葬群。现在大家可能在想:明朝不是有十六个**么?怎么在这里只有十三个**的陵寝?其实原因很简单,明太祖朱**因为建都南京,所以他的陵墓当然就在南京啦,也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二个**建文帝,因为被朱棣夺取了皇位,**下落不明,所以这里就没有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代**英宗的时候,他曾经被宦官王振怂恿,率军亲征,后来在河北怀来的土木堡被瓦刺军俘虏,这个事件称为“土木之变”,一国不能无君,所以他的兄弟就被册封为景泰帝,而后又上演了英宗重新夺取皇位的“夺门之变”,所以在十三陵中没有景泰帝的陵墓,他以亲王的礼节被安葬在西郊的金山口。这样一来,大家一定都明白了为什么这里叫做十三陵了。

现在大家沿途看到的这一个石牌坊,就是陵区的标志,是嘉靖年间制造的。这个牌坊是5间6柱11楼,高有14米,宽达到了米,是现在**保存下来最大、最精美的石牌坊,上边的图案装饰也都是云龙图案,反映了皇家建筑的特点。

大宫门就是陵墓区的正门儿,也叫大红门。门是南向的,分三洞,在这个门里边就是陵墓区。在门两侧都有刻着“**人等至此下马”的下马碑,因为当时规定这些人进入陵区都是要步行,否则可是要治罪的。而且这里也是禁区,不是一般老百姓可以随便进入的地方,严重的是要被斩首的。而进了这个门儿,也就走进了贯穿陵园南北,能够直接通到长陵陵门的神道,明朝的神道,也是我国历代修建的帝王陵中神道最长的,其实他的主要作用就是让**灵魂通过的地方,全长有7公里。

我们一边走着,就可以看到前边有一个碑亭。这个碑亭是重檐歇山顶的建筑,里边有赑屃驮着巨碑,这个就是长陵的神功颂德碑,正式建立于1435年,正面就是永乐**的长子朱高炽写的颂德碑文,有3000多字,而背面则是在乾隆五十年撰写的《哀明陵三十韵》,里边详细记录了陵墓的破损情况。碑身的东面是清*修缮陵墓的花费,西侧则是在**九年论述明****的原因。

过了碑亭,我们继续沿着神道行走,会发现在神路两侧,都有很多石雕。其实这里一共有36座石雕,叫做石像生。紧挨着碑亭后边的是两根石望柱,接下来就是狮子、獬豸、骆驼、大象、麒麟、马,各有四匹,按照先卧后立的顺序排列。然后是武臣、文臣和勋臣各有四人。修建这些,都是为了体现帝王生前的仪仗和死后的尊严。所以体积都非常大,雕刻的都非常精细。而且这些也都象征着**在生前可以得到尊崇,到了死后也是同样得到尊崇。,各方神圣和文武百官还是要为我独尊。

再往前走,就可以看到一座棂星门,也叫龙凤门,取天门之意。在这个三门六柱的门**位置上,有三个火焰宝珠,所以这里也被叫做火焰牌坊。

我们其实一直都是沿着神道来前进的,来回顾一下,先是石牌坊,然后到了大宫门,现在我们就要已经进入了长陵了。碑亭,石象生,过了龙凤门,还有一段路程就可以到达长陵的陵门了。而我们所说的整个陵墓群的中轴线其实也就是这条贯穿陵园南北,全长共7公里的神道。

说到长陵,它是明十三陵中的第一座陵,始建于1409年,在1416年全部建成,是明成祖永乐**朱棣和徐皇后的合葬墓。朱棣是明太祖朱**的第四个儿子,当朱**死后,朱棣就以靖难为名,从北*发兵攻下

南京,并且从当时的**朱允文手中夺得了皇位,改**为永乐,这件事历史上称之为靖难之役。朱棣是一位很了不起的**,当了**以后仍然为了巩固明朝的**而连年征战,并且在1420年做出了迁都**的重大决定。在他所**的明朝年间,国库充实,政局稳定,而且还命人写作了《永乐大典》这部我国历史上最大的类书,派郑和七下西洋,发展了各国之间友好关系。而他的贤内助徐皇后,也就是明朝开国元勋徐达的女儿也是一位有*古典美的女性,她曾经编写了《内训》和《劝善》用以化育人心,在用了五年的时候病逝了。值得一提的是葬入长陵的第一个人并不是朱棣,而是徐皇后。长陵共占地10公顷,中轴线由陵恩门,陵恩殿,明楼,宝城和宝顶共同组成。陵墓共有三进院,第一进院是从陵门道陵恩门,可以看到左右两侧各有一个小碑亭,但当时上面都没有文字,现在的文字是清顺治**写上的。陵恩殿坐落在陵墓的第二进院落中,在1412,明永乐十四年建成,是供奉牌位和举行祭祀活动的地方。它面阔九间,进深五间,是重檐庑殿顶的建筑,殿内有60根楠木柱,中间的四根直径都达到了一米以上,是**最好的楠木殿。原来陵恩殿中陈列有大佛龛,现在已经没有了,取而代之的是后人制作的永乐**坐像,大家可以绕道坐像的后边来看一下,可以看到椅背上刻有一条龙,而龙头则正对着万历**的头部,这象征着**是真龙天子。而四周则是出土文物的展览。

咱们从殿后的门一出来,就到达了第三进院落,每座陵墓的标志——明楼就在这里。大家可以看到这里也有一个碑亭,石碑上刻有成祖文**之陵,因为**姓朱,所以碑身也都是用的朱砂红色。

由于长陵的地宫没有发掘,所以我们在长陵的游览就先告一段落。不过大家不用着急,接下来我们将要去的定陵,就可以让大家参观到古代**的地下宫殿了。

定陵是明朝第13位**神宗万历朱翊钧和孝端、孝靖两位皇后的合葬墓。朱翊钧是明朝在位最久的**,他的为人和永乐**朱棣可以说成为了鲜明的对比。他非常贪婪懒惰,在他九岁即位的时候,由于有大臣张居正的辅佐,国家发展的还算比较稳定,可是后来张居正病逝,他便利用这个机会为自己选择了陵地,花费了800万两白银,用了六年时间,建了工程质量最好的定陵,而他居然因为陵寝修建的非常满意,而在地宫当中举行了盛大的宴会,真实一位让人苦笑不得的**。而他不仅如此,在他在位的48年当中,竟然有28年不理朝政,导致国家处于瘫痪状态。后人评论,其实明朝**的命运,在万历**朱翊钧时就已经成为定局了。他有两位皇后,其实在开始的时候孝靖皇后身份低下,可是与他有了一个男孩,就是后来的“一月天子”朱常洛,母以子贵,她就被封为贵妃。但是她比朱翊钧早死了九年,并没有葬在定陵里,直到后来追封她为**太后的时候,才与万历**朱翊钧,孝端皇后共同葬入陵寝。朱翊钧的另一个皇后孝端与他没有孩子,在她去世后不到百日,朱翊钧也去世了,所以他们是同日葬入定陵的。

一进入定陵陵区,我们首先看到的是一个碑亭,里边就是神功圣德碑,也称为无字碑。碑顶有云龙交盘,下端雕有海水纹的图案,碑座也是龙九子之一赑屃。在十三陵中,除了长陵以外,其他的陵碑都没有字。这是因为原来在献景裕茂泰康六个陵门前没有碑亭,当然也就没有碑文一说,可是后来这六个碑亭相继建成,碑文理应有当时的嘉靖**撰写,可是他忙于炼丹成仙,根本没工夫理会,所以导致六个碑空空如也。在永陵之后的陵墓,因为祖宗的墓碑上都没有写字,所以怕冒犯祖先,也都没有撰写碑文,这样就形成了今天我们所看到的景象。定陵的这个碑背面有一个满月型的痕迹,所以俗称月亮碑,传说它还有灵性,能随月亮阴晴圆缺而发光,可是后来陵园着火,就失去了灵性。

过了碑亭,我们所看到的两座高石台基就是定陵陵恩门和陵恩殿的遗址。这里原来也叫享殿,它是举行祭祀典礼的地方,当时面阔七间,清兵入关的时候曾经遭到破坏,到了乾隆年间,对这里进行了修复,但是后来又遭到了破坏。

在往前走,我们可以看到一个陈列室,这里陈列展出的都是定陵的出土文物,是在地宫挖掘之后兴建的。展室分为南北两个部分,南侧主要陈列地宫出土的万历**的随葬品,北侧则是两位太后的随葬品,都非常精美,各位尽可以一饱眼福。

现在来到了明楼,它也是定陵陵墓的标志。明楼为石结构建筑,是定陵地面保存最完好的建筑,始终没有遭到破坏。在明楼黄色琉璃瓦顶上,镶有一块高大的石榜,刻有定陵二字,在明楼内的碑额上篆有大名二字,而碑身上则刻有神宗显**之陵七个大字。它与宝城相连。宝城是一道用城砖垒起的圆形大墙,墙上有垛口,城墙高米,上厚下薄,周长800米,在它围绕的中间有一个人工堆成的大土丘,其实就是皇陵的坟头,叫做宝顶。

咱们现在正从左侧的通道走入地宫。定陵地宫的挖掘工作是从1956年5月开始的,在1958年结束。最开始,工作人员是发现了宝城西南侧墙上露出了一处券门,于是就正对着券门开了第一条探沟,到了底部发现了用城砖砌成的隧道。在三个月以后,沿着隧道的方向在明楼西面开了第二条探沟,在这条探沟的挖掘过程中,碰到了刻有“此时至今刚墙前皮十六丈、深三丈五尺”的石碑,从而得到了关于打开地宫的正确方向。工作人员沿着这个方向,又开了第三条探沟,最终找到了石隧道,并且发现了金刚墙,打开金刚墙,里边有一个方形的石券室,在西侧正中有两扇汉白玉的石门,从里边顶着“自来石”,而工作人员只用了铁丝和木板,不到五分钟,就将沉睡了337年的定陵地宫打开了。

地宫深度是27米,总面积达到了1195*方米,整个建筑的用料都是砖石,可以说是地下的无梁殿,礼制上是仿明堂的“九重法宫制”,分为前中后左右五个殿堂由七扇汉白玉门连接,最大的一扇高米,宽米,重达4吨,看上去很笨重,其实设计非常的合理。石门的重心偏向门轴,所以开关自如;门扇上横着设有防止倒塌的青铜扇管,重量大约是10吨;在门正面雕刻有乳状门钉和衔环铺首,背面与之相对应的地方有一个凸起的部分,关门以后,自来石就承托在这里。

在地宫前殿和左右两个配殿中没有任何的陈设。而现在到达的中殿高米,宽6米,地面是金砖铺地,据记载,这种砖会越擦越亮的。殿中陈设有汉白玉石宝座,它的样式和**生前宝座是一样的,在前边也就是孝靖和孝端皇后的宝座雕有凤头,而万历**的宝座靠背和扶手都雕有龙头。原来宝座的陈列是呈品字形的,后来为了方便游人参观,才改变了陈设。在三个宝座之前,设有祭祀用具黄琉璃五供,包括一个香炉,两个烛台,和两个香瓶,和嘉靖年间的青花云龙大瓷缸,这个缸中原来是盛有香油,里边放有灯芯的,叫做长明灯,但是由于关门后地宫缺氧,所以这盏灯并没有长明。

在中殿后面的就是后殿,它是地宫中最大的一个殿,高大米,长31米,宽米,地面上铺设的是磨光的`花斑石。在后殿中设有白石镶边的棺床一座,**有一个长型方孔,中间填的是黄土,也就是选择墓穴时的第一铲黄土,叫做金井,它是整座陵寝建筑格局的基本点。在棺椁四周和棺椁内放有玉石,或者在死者口中含有玉石,称为玉葬。之所以这样,是因为古人认为金井可以沟通阴阳,交流生气,而玉葬能够保持尸体不腐烂。金井玉葬在明清两代是最高等级的葬礼。当然这些都是古人的理想而已,没有什么科学根据。在棺床的上安放有万历**和两位皇后的棺椁,还有装随葬品的26个木箱。

按照**陵寝的规置,后殿只是安放**棺椁用的,那为什么两个皇后的棺椁也出现在这里呢?这个现象在史料中是没有明确记载的,可是根据专家推测:在万历四十八年的时候,先是孝端皇后病逝,接着七月就是万历**去世,而他的儿子朱常洛也在即位29天死于红丸案,在这短短百日之内,死了两位**,一位皇后,还有孝靖皇后还要迁葬,这么巨大的任务都压在了刚刚即位的**朱由校身上,所以准备工作十分的仓促。而且当时正好是雨季,安放皇后的配殿不方便打开,于是**皇后的棺椁就都从正门进去了。可是到了地宫发现配殿的甬道太窄了,皇后的棺椁进不去,所以只好将它们一并放入了后殿当中。现在大家可以明白地宫中棺椁的摆设呈这样是怎样一回事儿了吧。那好,现在就请大家跟随我走出地宫。

随着参观定陵的活动结束,我们今天的明十三陵之行也将近尾声了,相信大家一定都为这座巨大的帝王陵墓群而感叹,随着我国文物保护工作的不断开展,国家投入了大量的资金修缮明十三陵,这座规模宏大的帝王陵寝也将被永久的保存下去。同时,我也希望各位游客能对这里留下美好的印象,欢迎各位下次再来参观。

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